The term Artificial Intelligence (AI) was first used by John McCarthy who used it to mean "the science and engineering of making intelligent machines". It can also refer to intelligence as exhibited by an artificial (man-made, non-natural, manufactured) entity. The terms strong and weak AI can be used to narrow the definition for classifying such systems. AI is studied in overlapping fields of computer science, psychology, philosophy, neuroscience and engineering, dealing with intelligent behavior, learning and adaptation and usually developed using customized machines or computers.
Research in AI is concerned with producing machines to automate tasks requiring intelligent behavior. Examples include control, planning and scheduling, the ability to answer diagnostic and consumer questions, handwriting, natural language, speech and facial recognition. As such, the study of AI has also become an engineering discipline, focused on providing solutions to real life problems, knowledge mining, software applications, strategy games like computer chess and other video games. One of the biggest difficulties with AI is that of comprehension. Many devices have been created that can do amazing things, but critics of AI claim that no actual comprehension by the AI machine has taken place. [1]
{The term Artificial Intelligence|A} [was first used by|B] {John McCarthy|C} <who|D> [used|E] {it|F} [to mean|G] <"|H> {the science and engineering|I} [of|J] {making intelligent machines|K} <"|L>. {It|M} [can also refer to|N] {intelligence|O} as [exhibited by|P] {an artificial (man-made, non-natural, manufactured) entity|Q}. {The terms strong and weak AI|R} [can be used to narrow|S] {the definition|T} [for|U] [classifying|V] {such systems|W}. {AI|X} is [studied|Y] [in|Z] {overlapping fields|AA} [of|AB] {computer science|AC}, {psychology|AD}, {philosophy|AE}, {neuroscience and engineering|AF}, [dealing with|AG] {intelligent behavior|AH}, {learning and adaptation|AI} and [usually developed using|AJ] {customized machines|AK} [or|AL] {computers|AM}.
{Research in AI|AN} [is concerned with|AO] [producing|AP] {machines|AQ} [to automate|AR] {tasks|AS} [requiring|AT] {intelligent behavior|AU}. {Examples|AV} [include|AW] {control|AX}, [planning and scheduling|AY], [the ability to answer|AZ] {diagnostic and consumer questions|BA}, {handwriting|BB}, {natural language|BC}, {speech and facial recognition|BD}. <As such|BE>, {the study|BF} [of|BG] {AI|BH} [has also become|BI] {an engineering discipline|BJ}, [focused on providing|BK] {solutions|BL} [to|BM] {real life problems|BN}, {knowledge mining|BO}, {software applications|BP}, {strategy games|BQ} [like|BR] {computer chess and other video games|BS}. {One|BT} [of|BU] {the biggest difficulties|BV} [with|BW] {AI|BX} [is|BY] <that|BZ> <of|CA> {comprehension|CB}. {Many devices|CC} [have been created|CD] that [can do|CE] {amazing things|CF}, <but|CG> {critics|CH} [of|CI] {AI|CJ} [claim|CK] that <no|CL> {actual comprehension|CM} [by|CN] {the AI machine|CO} [has|CP] {taken place|CQ}.
B(A,C)
G(E(C,F),J(I,K))
N(M,P(O,Q))
S(R,U(T,V(_,W)))
Y+Z(X,AB(AA,AC&AD&AE&AF&AG&AH&AI))
AJ(X,AL(AK,AM))
AO(AN,AR(AP(_,AQ),AT(AS,AU)))
BE(AW(AV,AX&AY(_,_)&AZ(_,BA)&BB&BC&BD),BI(BG(BF,BH),BJ))
BE(AW(AV,AX&AY(_,_)&AZ(_,BA)&BB&BC&BD),BK(BJ,BM(BL,BN&BO&BP&BR(BQ,BS))))
BY(BW(BU(BT,BV),BX),CB)
CG(CE(CD(CC,_),CF),CK(CI(CH,CJ),!CP(CN(CM,CO),CQ)))
I'm looking into the linguistic reification of occurrence in the representation format (... CP CQ). A logic-based rule system may aid in this area.
Also interesting in this text is the passive voice, “Many devices have been created that can do amazing things.” The underscore indicates that the creator is unknown to the machine reading algorithm: CA(BZ,_) as CA corrolates to ~Created. I'm using the notation P(_,_) to represent gerunds.
One strategy in developing machine reading algorithms is to look at children's books and texts. These are already categorized by reading level, so any algorithm that appears to somehow build on itself as the reading level is increased would, philosophically, have additional merit, in my opinion.
[1] Artificial Intelligence, Wikipedia
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